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====== Amstrad "JOYCE" Software Interface Spec. ======

Internal [[en:companias:Amstrad]] document detailing the PCW software interface spec.

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               AMSTRAD "JOYCE" SOFTWARE INTERFACE SPEC.
                        Issue 9   9 July 1985


             OCR'd by Cliff Lawson, Amstrad - 8th June 97
              (active low signals are shown as _<name>)
             apologies for OCR errors esp. O=0 and n=h !!


0       RELATED DOCUMENTS

        1)      Zilog "Z80/Z80A CPU Technical Manual"
        2)      NEC "uPD765A Floppy Disc Controller Data Sheet"
        3)      AMSTRAD "Keyboard Controller Interface Spec."
        4)      AMSTRAD "Printer Controller Interface Spec."
        5)      AMSTRAD "Floppy Disc Drive Specs"
        6)      AMSTRAD "JOYCE Expansion Port Interface Spec."
        7)      INTERSIL IM6403 UART Data.

1       INTRODUCTION

        This document defines the interface presented to the Z80 software by
        the Main Board hardware for the Amstrad "JOYCE" word processor.

        The hardware design is based on the same architecture as the
        AMSTRAD "ANT" (Arnold Number Two) Colour personal computer, but
        uses a monochrome display, and no sound facilities other than a
        bleeper.

2       SUMMARY

2.1     PROCESSOR

        The processor is a Z80A-CPU running at a clock frequency of 4.00
        MHz (+/-0.1%).  There is logic that stretches _MREQ cycles using
        the processor _WAIT input during VDU accesses to the screen
        memory; this is the same as for the CPC464, but note that,
        unlike the CPC464, IORQ cycles are not stretched.  The main
        board hardware does not make use of the processor's refresh
        counter, hut expansion memory add-ons may use this feature.

2.1.1   Interrupts

        The CPU may be interrupted on _NMI by requests from the floppy
        disc controller, and on _INT by requests from the floppy disc
        controller, the video timing controller and the external
        expansion bus. Interrupts from the floppy disc controller to NMI
        and INT may be separately enabled and disabled under software
        control.

        An interrupt for timing purposes is generated by the VDU
        controller during every vertical ('frame') flyback and every 52
        scan lines thereafter until the next frame flyback, giving a
        timer period of 3.328 milliseconds for both 50Hz and 60Hz VDU
        systems.  The interrupt is arranged to occur approximately 2
        scans (128 microseconds) into the 26 scan (1664 microseconds)
        frame flyback status signal.  When the software cannot respond
        immediately to these interrupts a readable hardware counter will
        record up to 15 missed interrupts. The counter is cleared
        automatically after reading.

2.2     MEMORY

2.2.1   Bootstrap Loading

        There is no dedicated internal bootstrap ROM, but following a
        reset the printer controller is selected by hardware to supply
        the initial bootstrap program.  This special bootstrap mode is
        terminated by an i/O command contained within the bootstrap
        program.

2.2.2   RAM

        There are up to 2 megabytes of main memory, divided into 128
        blocks of 16k each and designated blocks 0 to 127.  In this
        document, blocks 0 to 7 are referred to as "standard" RAM, while
        blocks 8 to 127 are referred to as "expansion" RAM.

        Any of the 128 memory blocks may be assigned to the four fixed
        16k banks in CPU-addressable memory space 0000h to FFFFh, under
        software control; each 16k bank in CPU-addressable memory space
        may be configured for Read/Write access in any one memory block,
        except in the case of standard RAM where separate Read and Write
        access to different blocks is possible.  Fast switching between
        separate Read and Write access and Read/Write access in standard
        RAM blocks may be accomplished by a one byte I/O command.

        There may be either 128k, 256k or 512k bytes of dynamic RAM
        fitted internally, implemented as blocks 0 to 7, 0 to 15, or 0
        to 31 respectively.  Additional memory ean be fitted externally
        on the expansion port up to a total system maximum of 2
        megabytes.

        The standard RAM is used in addition to the CPU for the
        monochrome VDU screen pixel memory, VDU scan line start address
        table, and the keyboard matrix keysrate table.

2.2.3   VDU screen memory

        The monochrome pixel display controller uses up to 22.5k bytes
        of the standard RAM as screen refresh memory.  A 512 byte
        pointer table in the standard RAM, relocatable to start on any
        512 byte boundary under software control of an I/O register, is
        used to hold the memory start addresses of tne two hundred and
        fifty-six, 90 byte horizontal scan lines.

        The display memory for one scan line consists of 90 bytes,
        starting at an address boundary for which A3 is 0. The VDU
        controller increments the memory address by eight between
        fetching bytes for display along the scan line; thus the pointer
        table may be arranged so that eight-scan characters occupy
        eight contiguous bytes in memory.

        Each pair of bytes displayed contains sixteen, 1 bit pixels (P0
        to P15) ms follows:-

          A3      Bit     Pixel           A3      Bit     Pixel
          ==      ===     =====           ==      ===     =====

          0       D7      P0              1       D7      P8
          0       D6      P1              1       D6      P9
          0       D5      P2              1       D5      P10
          0       D4      P3              1       D4      P11
          0       D3      P4              1       D3      P12
          0       D2      P5              1       D2      P13
          0       D1      P6              1       D1      P14
          0       D0      P7              1       D0      P15

        On normal video display, a '0' pixel is displayed 'off' and a
        '1' pixel is displayed 'on'. When reverse video modes selected,
        the opposite is implied.

2.2.4   External memory

        Since the maximum total amount of main memory is 2 megabytes, up
        to 1,966,080 bytes of external expansion memory may be fitted on
        the expansion port of a 128k standard system, with
        correspondingly lower amounts for 256k and 512k systems.  This
        external memory can be either RAM or EPROM.  In addition for
        specialist and test purposes external EPROMs can be added that
        over-ride all other internal or external memory and the
        bootstrap system.

2.3 INPUT/OUTPUT CHANNEL SUMMARY

        The standard interfaces on the processor board occupy I/O
        channels on the Z80 as follows:-

        ADDRESS   OUTPUT USE                     INPUT USE
        =======   ==========                     =========

        00h       **Do Not Use**             Floppy Disc Status
        01h       Floppy Disc Data           Floppy Disc Data

        02h-7Fh   **Do Not Use**             **Do Not Use**

        80h-EFh   Expansion Port             Expansion Port

        F0h       0000h-3FFFh Mem. Map       **Do Not Use**
        F1h       4000h-7FFFh Mem. Map       **Do Not Use**
        F2h       8000h-BFFFh Mem. Map       **Do Not Use**
        F3h       C000h-FFFFh Mem. Map       **Do Not Use**

        F4h       Mem. Map R/W Control       Timer Interrupt Counter

        F5h       VDU Pointer Table Addr.    **Do Not Use**
        F6h       VDU Pointer Top Scan       **Do Not Use**
        F7h       VDU Video Control          **Do Not Use**

        F8h       System Control             System Status
        F9h       **Do Not Use**             UART Status (Prototype)

        FAh       **No Effect**              **Undefined**
        FBh       **No Effect**              **Undefined**

        FCh       Printer Data               Printer Data
        FDh       Printer Commands           Printer Status

        FEh       UART Data (Prototype)      UART Data (Prototype)
        FFh       **Do Not Use**             **Do Not Use**

        Expansion port peripherals must decode their I/O addresses on A0
        to A7. Expansion port I/O channels in the address range E0h to
        EFh are reserved as follows:-

        ADDR. A0-A7     USE
        ===========     ===


        E0h-E7h         Reserved for Communications Interface
        E8h-EFh         Reserved for External Printer Interface


3       SYSTEM STATUS AND CONTROL CHANNEL

	Bit	Input Use			Output Use
        ===     =========                       ==========

        D7      Undefined                       **Reserved** (send 0)
        D6      Frame Flyback Time              **Reserved** (send 0)
        D5      Disc Controller Interrupt       **Reserved** (send 0)
        D4      50/_60Hz Frame Rate Option      **Reserved** (send 0)
	D3	Undefined			Function Code F3
	D2	Undefined			Function Code F2
	D1	Undefined			Function Code F1
        D0      Undefined                       Function Code F0

3.1     INPUT STATUS

        The frame flyback time signal lasts 1664 microseconds and ends
        1024 microseconds before the monitor starts displaying pixel
        scans at the top of the screen.

        The Disc Controller Interrupt Status is functional regardless of
        whether the disc controller is enabled or disabled from causing
        maskable or non-maskable interrupts.

        On 60 Hz systems, operation is exactly the same as for 50 Hz
        except that only the first 200 of the 256 scan lines are
        displayed on the Screen.

3.2     OUTPUT COMMANDS

        Function Code bits F3 to F0 define which one of sixteen commands
        is to be executed as follows:-

        Command   Use
        =======   ===

        0         Terminate Bootstrap Mode
        1         Generate System Reset
        2         Connect Disc Interrupt to _NMI (disconnect from _INT)
        3         Connect Disc Interrupt to _INT (disconnect from _NMI)
        4         Disconnect Disc Interrupt from both _NMI and _INT
        5         Set Disc Controller Terminal Count
        6         Clear Disc Controller Terminal Count
        7         Drive Video Output
        8         Float Video Output
        9         Disc Motor(s) On
        10        Disc Motor(s) Off
        11        Bleeper On
        12        Bleeper Off
        13-15     No Effect

        Command 0 will terminate the bootstrap mode in which all
        "memory" fetch cycles are from the printer controller data port
        instead of the memory.  No data should be sent to the printer
        controller during bootstrap mode.

        Command 1 will cause the hardware to generate an immediate
        system reset and pulse the reset line on the expansion bus.

        Command 2 will enable non-maskable interrupts from the Floppy
        Disc Controller until Command 3 is issued to enable maskable
        interrupts instead, or Command 4 is issued to disable all
        interrupts from the Floppy Disc Controller, or until the first
        non-maskable interrupt occurs.  On power-up and system reset all
        Floppy Disc Controller Interrupts are disabled.

        Command 5 will set the Floppy Disc Controller Terminal Count
        input true (high) until Command 6 is issued to clear it.  On
        power-up and system reset Terminal Count is set true.

        Command 8 will float the video output signal allowing video
        information to be supplied externally via the expansion port,
        until Command 7 is issued to return to internally driven video.
        On power-up and system reset video will be driven internally.

        Command 9 will switch the disc drive motor(s) on until Command
        10 is issued to switch the motor(s) off.  On power-up and system
        reset the disc motor(s) will De switched off.

        Command 11 will switch on the built-in bleeper until Command 12
        is issued to switch it off.  0n power-up and system reset the
        bleeper is switched off.

4    TIMER INTERRUPT COUNTER INPUT CHANNEL

        This channel may be read to 'catch up' in situations where
        interrupts from the timer must not be missed, but cannot be
        processed immediately because the operation in hand is too
        important to be interrupted by the timer.

	Bit	Input Use
        ===     =========

	D7	Undefined
	D6	Undefined
	D5	Undefined
	D4	Undefined
	D3	Timer Interrupt Counter C3
	D2	Timer Interrupt Counter C2
	D1	Timer Interrupt Counter C1
        D0      Timer Interrupt Counter C0

        The timer interrupt count C3-C0 indicates the number of timer
        interrupts that should have occurred since the counter was last
        read; any bit set in the counter causes an interrupt to the CPU,
        and the counter will never increment beyond a count of fifteen.
        (NOTE! The counter is synchronized by two CPU instruction fetch
        cycles (M1). If the M1 of a counter read command latches a new
        pending timer interrupt, the counter will not at the time of the
        read Operation have been incremented, and therefore this new
        interrupt will be lost). On power-up and system reset the
        counter is cleared.

5       PRINTER CONTROLLER

        This controls the built-in matrix printer as well as providing
        the bootstrap program for the Z80 CPU.  During bootstrap mode,
        when all transfers are data (rather than status or command), no
        data should be sent to the printer controller.

        For further information see the specific printer controller
        documentation (unavailable!).

6       765 FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER

        The floppy disc controller supports one or two 3 inch single- or
        double-sided double-density floppy disc drives with a data rate
        of 250 kilobits per second.

        The hardware system imposes the following restraints on the use
        of the 765 controller and disc drives:-

        A) The clock frequency of the 765 is fixed at 4.0 MHz.

        B) There is no DMA implemented, but the 765's INT output may be
           used to drive the _INT and _NMI inputs of the Z80 CPU.

        C) Drive 0 is always present.  Drive 1 is optional.  Drives 2
           and 3 are not implemented and should never be accessed.  When
           Drive 1 is accessed but not fitted, Drive Ready and Write
           Protected status signals from Drive 1 are false.  Wnen Drive
           1 fitted and accessed with no disk inserted, Drive Ready
           status from Drive 1 is false and Write Protected status from
           Drive 1 is true.

        D) The FAULT signal from the disc drive{s) to the 765 is forced
           permanently false.

        E) The Two-Sided status signal from the drive(s) is not
           provided, but the interface to the drives allows the use of
           double-sided drives.

        F) No write precompensation is provided.

        Control and sensing of disc controller interrupts, disc drive
        motor control, and terminal count may be achieved by the use of
        the System Control and Status I/O channel.

7       VDU CONTROLLER

        The VDU Controller provides a monochrome pixel display.  At 50
        Hz frame rate, 256 scan lines are displayed, and at 60 Hz frame
        rate, 200 scan lines are displayed.  A system of indirection
        pointers for scan line control allows rapid rolling and
        scrolling of the display.

7.1     VDU VIDEO CONTROL REGISTER

        This write-only register is organised as follows:-

        Bit       Output Use
        ===       ==========

        D7        Display Reverse Video
        D6        Enable Video
        D5        No Effect
        D4        No Effect
        D3        No Effect
        D2        No Effect
        D1        No Effect
        D0        No Effect

        Writing a 1 to bit D7 will switch the screen display into
        reverse video, (in which each '1' pixel is displayed 'off', each
        '0' pixel is displayed 'on', and the surrounding border is
        displayed 'on'), until a 0 is written to switch the screen
        display back to normal video. On power-up and system reset
        normal video will be selected.

        Writing a 1 to bit D6 will enable the video until a 0 is written
        to disable the video (when the screen will be blanked).  On
        power-up and system reset the video will be disabled.  Note that
        a 'blank' reverse video display implies that all pixels and
        surrounding border are forced 'on'.

7.2     SCAN LINE POINTER TABLE

        Two write-only registers are used to specify the address of the
        scan line pointer table and the 2 byte entry to be used for the
        top scan line of the pixel display.

7.2.1   Pointer Table Address Register

	Bit	Output Use
        ===     ==========

	D7	B2
	D6	B1
        D5      B0
	D4	A13
	D3	A12
	D2	A11
	D1	A10
        D0      A9

        B2 to B0 specify the number of the standard 16k memory block in
        which the pointer table is to reside.

        A13 to A9 specify which 512 byte section Of the block is to be
        used. The pointer table occupies the whole 512 byte section.

        To avoid unsightly effects on the screen this register should
        only be updated during frame flyback time.

7.2.2   Pointer Table Top Scan Register

        Bit     Output Use
        ===     ==========

	D7	A8
	D6	A7
	D5	A6
	D4	A5
	DB	A4
	D2	A3
	D1	A2
        D0      A1

        A8 to A1 specify which 2 byte entry in the pointer table is to
        be used for the top scan line.  Entries for subsequent scan
        lines follow in order, wrapping around at the end of the 512
        byte section of memory if the first entry is not for the first
        scan line.

        To avoid unsightly effects on the screen this register should
        only be updated during frame flyback time.

7.2.3   Pointer Table Format

        The pointer table consists of 256 entries each of 2 bytes
        interpreted by the VDU controller as follows:-

        A0  Ý    D7    D6    D5    D4    D3    D2    D1    D0
        ----+------------------------------------------------
         0  Ý    LP8   LP7   LP6   LP5   LP4   LP2   LP1   LP0
         1  Ý    LB2   LB1   LB0   LP13  LP12  LP11  LP10  LP9

        These two bytes define the position in standard RAM of the 90
        bytes of pixel information to be used for this scan line.  LB2
        to LB0 specify the number of the standard 16k block containing
        this information.  LP3 is always zero.  LP13 to LP0 specify the
        starting address within the block such that the first byte of
        pixel information is at an address that is LP0-LP13 in bytes
        from the beginning of the block.  Thus the line can start on any
        byte boundary with A3 = 0 within the block.

        To avoid unsightly effects on the screen the table should only
        be updated during frame flyback time.

8       MEMORY MAP CONTROL

8.1     MEMORY MAPPING REGISTERS

        There are four memory mapping registers, one for each 16k bank
        of CPU- addressable memory space.  Each register is used to
        define which of the eight standard 16k memory blocks is to be
        used for read access and also which is to be used for write
        access, or alternatively which of 120 possible expansion memory
        blocks is to be used for read/write access:-

        Bit      Output Use
        ===      ==========

        D7       _Standard Block     or   Expansion Block
        D6       RB2                      EX6
        D5       RB1                      EX5
        D4       RB0                      EX4

        D3       Ignored                  EX3
        D2       WB2                      EX2
        D1       WB1                      EX1
        D0       WB0                      EX0

        Bits D6-D0 select standard memory blocks when a 0 is written to
        D7 and an expansion memory block when a 1 is written to D7.

        RB2-RB0 is the standard block to be used for read access.
        WB2-WB0 is the standard block to be used for write access.
        EX6-EX0 is the expansion block to be used for read/write access.

        Expansion blocks 8 to 31, if present, may be fitted either
        internally, or externally on the expansion port, whereas
        expansion blocks 32 to 127, if present, are always fitted
        externally.  The total amount of memory in a system always
        consists of a number of contiguous memory blocks.

        If an absent expansion block is selected, an internal block will
        be accessed in its place for both read and write; which block
        this is depends On the amount Of internal memory fitted as
        follows:-

                Internal Memory Size     Substituted Block Number
                ====================     ========================

                128 k (Standard)         EX2-EX0
                256 k                    EX3-EX0
                512 k                    EX4-EX0

        If an expansion block is selected in the range 0 to 7, the
        corresponding standard block will be accessed for both read and
        write.

        The contents of the memory mapping registers are undefined on
        power-up.

8.2     MEMORY MAPPING READ/WRITE CONTROL REGISTER

        In addition to the memory mapping registers there is a
        read/write control register which allows software to force the
        same standard block to be used for read and write access without
        changing the memory mapping register contents.  This register is
        structured as follows:-

	Bit		Output use
        ===             ==========

        D7              RW3  (CPU bank C000h to FFFFh)
        D6              RW0  (CPU bank 0000h to 3FFFh)
        D5              RW2  (CPU hank B000h to BFFFh)
	D4		RW1  (CPU bank 4000h to 7FFFh)
	D3		No effect
	D2		No effect
	D1		No effect
        D0              No effect

        If the RW bit for a particular memory address area is set to a 1
        then both read and write access occurs to the standard block
        specified by the relevant WB2-WB0 block number, the RB2-RB0
        block number being ignored.  The contents of this register are
        undefined on power-up.


9       KEYBOARD INTERFACE

        Data from the keyboard is written automatically into a table
        occupying the top sixteen bytes of block 3 of the standard RAM.
        Further information on the format of these bytes can be found in
        the keyboard controller documentation.

10      IM6403 UART (ON PROTOTYPE SYSTEMS ONLY)

        This device operates at 9600 baud with 8 bit serial data input
        and output with no parity and one stop bit.  Refer to the
        manufacturer's data for operation and explanation of status
        bits.

        The status input channel is organised as follows:-

	Bit		Input Use
        ===             =========

	D7		DR
	D6		PE
	D5		FE
	D4		OE
	D3		Always 0 on prototype system.
	D2		Not Switch SW1 Pressed
	D1		TRE
        D0              TBRE


=== End "Amstrad JOYCE Software Interface Spec." Issue 9, 9 July 1985 ===
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